ONION CULTIVATION

Red onion (Allium cepa) is one of the horticultural commodity desperately needed by humans. To be successful cultivation of onion we are faced with various problems (risks) in the field. Including how cultivation, pests and diseases, lack of micro element, etc. that causes decreased production. Noting this, PT. NUSANTARA NATURAL seeks help solving these problems. One was the increase in onion production in quantity, quality and sustainability (K - 3), so that farmers can work and compete in the era of free trade.

A. PLANTING PREPARATION1. Growing Conditions
Shallots can be grown in paddy soil or moor, until the texture is clay. Alluvial soil types, humus or Latosol Glei, pH 5.6 - 6.5, height mdpl 0-400, 50-70% humidity, the temperature of 25-320 C

2. Soil Processing
Spread manure on land with a dose of 0,5-1 tons / 1000 m2
Diluku then raked (left + 1 week)
Created 120 beds with a width of -180 cm
Among the planting beds are made of water channel (canal) with a width of 40-50 cm and 50 cm depth.
If the soil pH is less than 5.6 were given doses Dolomite + 1.5 tons / ha spread over the beds and flat on the ground stirred and then allow 2 weeks.
To prevent attack wilt disease spread GLIO 100 grams (1 pack GLIO) mixed with 25-50 kg of manure cooked, let stand 1 week and then sprinkle evenly over the beds. '

3. Fertilizer Basics
Give fertilizers: Urea + 2-4 kg 7-15 kg 15-25 kg ZA + SP-36 above the beds evenly and flat on the ground stirred.
Or if used NPK Compound Fertilizer (15-15-15) dose ± 20 kg / 1000 m2 mixed into the ground in beds.

NASA SUPER Siramkan fertilizer mixed water evenly over the beds with a dose of 10 ± botol/1000 m2 by means of:
- Alternative 1: 1 bottle of Super Nasa diluted in 3 liters of water used as the main solution. Then each was given 50 lt water 200 cc of solution was to flush the main beds.
- Alternative 2: every 1 volume of 10 pl publicity given to eat 1 tablespoon peres Super Nasa to water beds 5-10 feet.
Let stand for 5 to 7 days

4. Seed Selection
- The size of the optimal seed tubers is 3-4 grams / tuber.
- Good seed tubers that have been stored tubers 2-3 months and still in bonds (tubers still leaves)
- Must be healthy seed tubers, bulbs marked with a compact form (not porous), the skin does not hurt bulbs (not peeled or shine)

B. PHASE TANAM
1. Planting Distance
In the dry season, 15 x 15 cm, Ilocos varieties, Tadayung or Bangkok
In Season Rain 20 x 15 cm varieties Tiron

2. How to Plant
Seed tubers had been soaked in a solution of NASA + water (dose 1 cap / lt of water)
Sprinkle evenly GLIO on seed tubers soaked reply NASA
Save for 2 days before planting
At the time of planting, seed tubers of all parts that have been prepared planting buried in the ground. For each hole planted one seed tubers.

C. INITIAL GROWTH (0 to 10 HST)
1. Observations Pests
Beware of caterpillar pests Onion (Spodoptera exigua or S. litura), eggs are laid at the base and tip of onion leaves in groups, a maximum of 80 points. Eggs coated with white yarn like cotton.

Group of eggs found in the grove of trees should be taken and destroyed. Populations above the economic threshold or VIREXI controlled by VITURA. Usually the garlic more often attacked by caterpillars Spodoptera exigua species grayak with the features found in the abdomen black stripe / black necklace around his neck, is controlled by VIREXI.

Caterpillar ground. This caterpillar is brown-black. At the top / and stem the growing point looks collapsed due to cut its base. Worm collection at dusk / night. Keep clean from the remains of plants or grass so nest. Spray with PESTONA.
Diseases to look out at the beginning of the growth of Fusarium wilt is a disease. The symptoms of this disease characterized by menguningnya scallions, then quickly wilted plants (Java: ngoler). Plants attacked and dumped revoked or burned at a distance. Preventive control with GLIO.

2. Weeding and Pembumbunan
The first weeding done ages 7-10 HST and mechanically done to remove weeds or wild plants that may be the host caterpillar pests onions. At the time of weeding done silkworm egg retrieval onion

Pendangiran done, namely the soil around plants so didangir and dibumbun onion roots are always covered with soil. Also beds landslides damaged or need trimming back by strengthening the edges of the gutter with mud from the bottom of the channel (in Brebes called glue).

3. Fertilization maintenance / follow-up
The dose varies depending on type of fertilization and the local soil conditions. If the excess urea / ZA bulbs can cause a thick neck and small tubers, but if not, stunted plant growth and pale yellow leaves. Lack of KCl can also cause the end of the dry leaves and small tubers.

Fertilization is 2 times
(Doses per 1000 m2):
- 2 weeks: 5-9 kg Urea +10-20 kg ZA +10-14 kg KCl
- 4 weeks: 3-7 kg 7-15 kg Urea + +12-17 kg KCl ZA
Mix evenly across the three types of fertilizer and applied around the plant clumps or kerf. At the time of delivery should not be affected by the plant so the leaves do not burn and disrupted their growth.
Or if used NPK Compound Fertilizer (15-15-15) dose ± 20 kg / m 2 given at 1000 ± 2 weeks of age.

4. Irrigation
At the beginning of growth is watering two times, ie morning and evening. Try morning watering early as possible at the moment still seems scallions wet to reduce disease. Evening watering is stopped if the percentage of plants has reached over 90%
High salinity water is less good for the growth of red onion
High water level in the channel (canal) maintained as high as 20 cm from the surface of planting beds

D. Vegetative phase (11 to 35 HST)
1. Observations Pests and Diseases
Caterpillar pests onion, S. and S. litura exigua
Thrips, began to attack the age of 30 HST because the humidity around the plant is relatively high with an average temperature above normal. Leek attacked shiny white color like silver heavy attack occurred at above normal temperatures with humidity above 70%. If found offensive, watering done during the day, observe the tiger beetle predators. Populations above the economic threshold or controlled by BVR PESTONA.

Purple spots or disease Trotol, caused by the fungus Alternaria porii through tubers or spray water from the soil. Symptoms of the attack indicated the presence of concentric circles dot purple or white-gray leaves and yellow leaves on the edge and dried edges. The attack on the tubers after harvest resulted in rotting tubers until watery with yellow to brownish red. If there is rain soon be watering. Preventive with GLIO stocking.

Antraknose or Otomotis disease, caused by the fungus Colletotricum gloesporiodes. Symptoms of attack is indicated the formation of white patches on the leaves, which later formed the curve will cause the fracture of simultaneously leaves (term Brebes: automatic). If there are symptoms, plants infected revoked immediately burned and destroyed. For fungi in the soil are controlled by GLIO

Disease by viruses.
- Symptoms stunted growth, leaf yellowing, curved in all directions and a bit limp and anakannya. Try using a virus-free seed and crop rotation in addition to onion-bawangan groups.

Rotten tubers by bacteria.
- Tubers are attacked so rotten and smelly. Ordinary attack after harvesting. Try a dry place.
- Rotten tubers / neck stems by the fungus.
- Part is attacked so soft, curved and gray. Keep the soil is not too muddy (set drainage).
- For prevention of pests-diseases by crop rotation try other plant species (not class-bawangan Onions. PESTICIDES chemical used as a last alternative to overcome the pest-disease.

2. Crop Management
- The second weeding done at age
Pendagiran continued HST 30-35, pembumbunan and repair the damaged beds.

- Spraying with a dose of NASA POC 4-5 cap / tank once every 7-10 days starting 7 days after planting up to 50-55 days. 35 days to start spraying at a dose HORMONIK plus 1-2 closed / tank (mixed with NASA).
- Irrigation, watering 1x per day in the morning, if there Thrips attack and there was light rain during the day watering done.

E. ESTABLISHMENT tubers (36 - 50HST)
At the same phase as the observation HPT Vegetative phase, which take into account is irrigated. It takes a lot of water during the dry season so watering should be done twice a day ie morning and evening.

F. Tuber maturation (51 to 65 HST)
At this phase is not so much water, so watering is only done once a day ie in the afternoon.

G. HARVEST AND HARVEST PACA
1. Harvest
60-90 % daun telah rebah, dataran rendah pemanenan pada umur 55-70 hari, dataran tinggi umur 70 - 90 hari." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">> 60-90% of leaves had collapsed, lowland harvesting at the age of 55-70 days, the plateau age 70 - 90 days.
Panen dilakukan pada pagi hari yang cerah dan tanah tidak becek" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">> Harvest done on a sunny morning and the ground is not muddy
Pemanenan dengan pencabutan batang dan daun-daunnya." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">> Harvesting the removal of stem and leaves. Next 5-10 clumps bound together bond (Java: dipocong)

2. Post Harvest
- Drying with woven bamboo mat (Java: gedeg). The first drying for 5-7 days with the leaf facing up, dried leaf goal. The second drying selama2-3 day with bulbs facing up, aim to dry the bulbs and tubers as well as the cleansing of the remaining dirt or peeling skin and dirt that is carried from the field. 89 water content 85% of new stored in the warehouse.
- Storage, onion ties hung on bamboo racks. Well regulated aeration, temperature 26-290C storage humidity 70-80%, sanitation warehouse.